The answer is no because the alias system of Drupal does server side manipulations to determine what resource the aliased URL is requesting and serves it up. This will by-pass the .htaccess redirect rules. So the URL alias for your RSS feeds that FeedBurner uses will not get stuck in a loop as you suggest but will return the RSS feed to FeedBurner.
Good Question
The answer is no because the alias system of Drupal does server side manipulations to determine what resource the aliased URL is requesting and serves it up. This will by-pass the .htaccess redirect rules. So the URL alias for your RSS feeds that FeedBurner uses will not get stuck in a loop as you suggest but will return the RSS feed to FeedBurner.